| Editor’s note: If you missed it, check out part one of Fred LaFemina’s column on utilizing search ropes. And, share your experiences of using search ropes in the FireRescue1 Forums or the Member Comments section at the end of this article. |
When deploying the search rope, the first thing to remember is to secure the rope at the point you’re commencing the search. It should be secured to a substantial, non-moveable object in a clear, smoke-free environment.
However, always bear in mind that the area might not remain so clear and safe during the progression of the fire. This brings me to a point I cannot emphasize enough: If you feel the rope will not be needed initially but the layout of the occupancy would dictate its use, then make sure you tie it off.
When you are 10, 20 or 50 ft into a maze-like occupancy and conditions deteriorate rapidly, the rope will be of no use to you slung over your shoulder. Always maintain voice contact with the members operating with the rope. If more than 200 ft of rope is needed, attach a second search rope to the end of the first one and continue the search from that point. This may be required in large commercial structures or if you’re relieving a unit on a deployed search line and need to continue the search, when a second or even third rope may be needed.
In my early days as firefighter in Squad 1 in Brooklyn, N.Y., we responded to a factory building with dimensions of 400 ft x 600 ft. My officer, recognizing the need and anticipating the use of the rope, ordered me to bring it. My ego had me a little perturbed because I felt that we could locate and extinguish the fire no matter where it was in the building — and certainly without the use of the search rope.
We reported into the chief and he gave us instructions to locate the fire and assist the engine in getting a hose line in position and extinguishing it. My officer actually ordered two other members of my unit to take search ropes as well, anticipating a long haul to the fire area.
Heavy smoke
There was a heavy smoke and moderate heat condition when we entered the structure. We could not really determine the heat condition due to the very high ceiling above us, so we moved very cautiously towards the fire area. It took us about 350 ft of rope to reach the fire area — a storage room toward the rear of the building.
Between the turns and tying off at certain points, we used 600 ft of rope to travel approximately 350 ft, which is something to bear in mind when deploying a search rope.
Once we located the fire, we changed our air cylinders for fresh ones and guided the engine with a 2 ½" hose line to the seat of it. Although I am making this sound relatively easy, it wasn’t. However, by doing the evolution by the book, we were able to safely accomplish our mission.
The officer supervising the search rope operation should always monitor how far the team has progressed, and if significant relay this information to command. An easy way for an officer to determine the approximate distance that the team has traveled is to use the directional knots described in part one. But remember that the amount of rope deployed is not a true indication of distance traveled of turns made and obstacles encountered.
It is possible that in a maze-like area you could have deployed 150 ft of rope but actually only traveled 50 ft. The officer must also make a decision on allowing members to conduct searches away from the rope — and with no contact to it — while in the structure.
Area size
Some of the factors that could influence this decision will be the size of the area to be searched, configuration of the area and the experience of the search team. If you are entering an area with punishing conditions, the team should remain intact and operate as a unit with no members searching away from the search line.
A good way for the officer to monitor members who do search off the line is using a thermal imaging camera, a tool that should always be deployed during search rope operations. The camera will also allow the officer to monitor heat and fire conditions.
The search team, if possible, should consist of at least three members, something I realize not always achievable due to the size of some departments and the available manpower. Where possible, an officer and two firefighters could suffice as the team. Remaining members, if available, should standby as a back-up team. Some of their duties may include, but not be limited to, monitoring the progression of the search, radio transmissions and air time of the search team, and be ready to assist it if necessary.
Some tactical considerations to remember are:
1) These types of searches differ from standard firefighting searches. When their use is needed, the emphasis should focus on the safety and integrity of the search team.
2) There is a greater chance of becoming lost or disoriented due to the complex layouts and large areas where these searches will commence. This is especially true when conducting searches while disengaging from the rope.
3) There is usually no second means of egress available or designated during these operations. Pre-fire plans or layouts of the area prior to entering would be of assistance, but in reality will they be available when you need them?
4) Follow the basic rules of search and continue to apply them.
The search rope is a very useful tool and should be used when conditions dictate. Through training and familiarization with the rope, you will become proficient in its use and it will assist in an attaining success.
If during your career you get a chance to use this tool and you are successful, you’ll be glad you did. It is a great source for drill and discussion at the kitchen table — and remember to always exchange information with your brother firefighters as it may save your life as well theirs.